Businesses and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Iraq War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iraq War - Essay Example Supporting the advancement of a system for troop security, an extraordinary interagency branch was allocated to recognize and find any oilfield hazards that the US-drove alliance armed force may look after entering the nation crossing its northern and southern borders.â This unique branch distinguished likely zones of the oilfields that should be booby-caught by the Iraqi warriors. Likewise it endeavored to follow out other common oilfield threats, for example, poisonous gases, fire-hazard and pressurized equipment.â USCENTCOM's methodology for sending troops in Iraq incorporated these wellbeing estimates dependent on the insight reports gave by this uncommon branch. Separating the entire intrusion procedure into various stages relying upon their need, USCENTCOM J2 and the â€Å"Defense Intelligence Agency† (DIA) together propelled thirteen emergency mystery administration informative organizations so as to give basic knowledge backing to handle tasks in the Iraqi front li nes during the unified attack, the â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†.â During the pinnacle hours of the fight in Operation Iraqi Freedom, in excess of 900 mystery operators and different auxiliaries in and outside Iraq were focused on helping USCENTCOM. Prior to the beginning of the Operation Iraqi Freedom, the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), a military specialized experience worked by the â€Å"Defense Intelligence Agency† (DIA) propelled a â€Å"Ballistic Missile Portal† (BMP) that would gather â€Å"pictures, depictions, request of fight, framework, specialized parameters, and marks novel to ballistic missiles†2. The entire help Community, including both the master specialists and the warriors in the war zone, gave information to the BMP, which empowered the administrators at the Central Command to find and hit the undermining targets successfully. In light of the Intelligence personnel’s prerequisites for brisk and the most ideal i mmaculate appraisals of the conceivable Iraqi counter activities and strike, DIA authority assembled a â€Å"RED CELL† so as to duplicate the dynamic procedure of the Iraqi military central leadership. The cell arranged around twenty approach papers that reflected various viewpoints and working procedures of the Iraqi high command3. The arrangement of Intelligence exertion applied an immediate and compelling effect on the US-drove Coalition’s forces’ vital intrusion arranging and strategy making. In a comprehensive exertion to offer help to the Intelligence people group arranged a rundown of 3000 Iraqi characters including the 55 most needed who were characterized by their degree of presenting danger to the US-drove alliance. Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) framed a group of 12 examiners and on-fight remote asset use pros from DIA's MSIC, called the â€Å"Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Cell (JCMEC)†. The JCMEC group assumed a pivotal job in fin ding, gathering, evaluating, using, and clearing the â€Å"captured foe materiel and weapons of vital or knowledge esteem all through the Iraqi performance center of operations†

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics For Kids

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics For KidsEasy argumentative essay topics for kids can be quite hard to come by. That is why it is so important to take time to evaluate all the information that you have for essay writing. Although this may seem like a daunting task, it really doesn't have to be if you know how to use your best resources.A quick topic for a student to write a persuasive essay about should include questions that they want to ask their parents. It might be helpful to consider that most parents want to know what's going on with their children. This is a very good example of an easy argumentative essay topic for kids.The truth is that parents are not exactly forthcoming about their emotions and thoughts about the situation they are in. As a result, many parents become confused about what is going on in their child's mind. This is exactly why taking the time to ask your parents questions about the events going on in your child's life can be such a great resource for argument ative essay topics for kids.Creating different arguments is part of argumentative essay topics for kids. It is up to you to be creative in coming up with ideas about how you can make the situations seem more dramatic. It might be helpful to take into consideration that when it comes to argumentative essay topics for kids, your main goal is to get across the point that your argument is indeed being based in facts.Another important aspect of argumentative essay topics for kids is to consider that even though you are creating a persuasive essay for your child, your child will still be able to express his or her own thoughts. As a result, it might be helpful to use your own words as an example. Even though this is difficult for a first time writer, if you try to talk about something that you want to include in your own personal story, your child will feel that it is a direct representation of the topic that they are writing about.The truth is that it might be helpful to look at some oth er easy argumentative essay topics for kids in order to get ideas from. One such example is what happened to a famous kid actor named Ronald Reagan. He had a very famous son named Ronald Reagan Junior and his brother played football with Dallas Cowboys star Jerry Rice.There is nothing wrong with quoting someone who was close to your child in order to create a strong father figure. You just need to remember that these writers should not be too much like you and that you need to be able to understand their way of thinking. When you use the same quotes that you would find in a famous person's autobiography, you can still make your points effective.There are many different argumentative essay topics for kids out there. It just depends on how much you can be willing to think outside of the box in coming up with ways to make your essay work. If you find it difficult to come up with the right arguments, take some time to consider that your goal should be to provide your child with an easie r and more powerful persuasive essay topic for kids.

Government Surveillance A Controversial Issue On Terrorism

Since the events of September 11th, government surveillance has skyrocketed to some of the most advanced programs seen today; the government has the ability to intercept almost anybody’s internet activities, personal messages, and phone calls. 9/11 brought about the implementation of the Patriot Act, new NSA programs, and a new found â€Å"war on terrorism.† This has become a controversial issue on whether these programs violate Americans’ civil rights. Future government surveillance can be predicted to only become bigger and stronger, unless citizens seek to change the laws that allow the interception of privacy. Although the Fourth Amendment gives citizens the right to privacy, the interpretation of the law leaves the NSA to ultimately invade peoples’ privacy. The Fourth Amendment was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment came about in correspondence to the rule of King George in the Colonial Age. The King of England only saw the American Colonies as another means of asset. The Colonists fought the imposed taxes by the British government with smuggling operations. King George fought back with writs of assistance, broad legal search warrants that allowed the British agents to search anyone they suspected to have stolen goods; this included property and home intrusions without notice or reason. This episode of government invasions on personal privacy was one of the leading factors to the addition of the Fourth Amendment to the Bill of Rights of theShow MoreRelatedThe Patriot Act And Homeland Security Act Of 20021329 Words   |  6 Pagesto come from the political and legislative action for the fall were the Uniting and Strengthening Americas by Providing Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001(USA Patriot Act) and the Homeland Security Act of 2002. While the USA Patriot Act and Homeland Security Act of 2002 have formed the backbone of terrorism laws in the United States, they are not without their problems, especially in terms of how far they infringe upon the right, freedom, and liberties of the publicRead MoreThe United States Of The Patriot Act1090 Words   |  5 Pagesmost powerful nations. However, it has been facing the problem of terrorism for many decades, most notably after the tragic events of September 11th. The Patriot Act was passed shortly after these events in response to the acts of terrorism witnessed by the whole nation. At the time, it seemed rational and logical to allow this bill to pass, due to the extreme anger of American citizens, and the willingness to fight against terrorism. However, certain breaches of privacy came with the introductionRead MoreThe USA PATRIOT Act of 2001: Need for National Security vs. Protection of Civil Liberties 1247 Words   |  5 Pageson civil liberties and individual rights but was an opportunistic ploy to grant excess power to the government in the wake of September 11th empathy. USA PATRIOT is what is referred to as a â€Å"backronym†, or a title from which is construed from a pre-existing word. The phrase itself stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 2014). While the goals and provisions outlined in the originalRead MoreWiretapping And Surveillance Laws On The United States1029 Words   |  5 PagesThe uses of wiretapping and surveillance have become extremely evident in the society we live in today. With issues of terrorism and foreign threat, the concern for the safety of American citizens is at an all-time high. Over the past 50 years, different amendments and acts have been passed to help regulate the use of wiretap and surveillance tactics, but perhaps the most significant of the bunches would be Title III, FISA, and the Patriot Act. These acts paved way to a safer feeling society, butRead MoreSurveillance Program Unethical U se Of Computer1628 Words   |  7 PagesPrograms created by US Government to invade people s privacy It is primary mission that governments protect its people, and this protection includes using some software programs to monitor suspicious activities that could be caught on the web or from telecom communications. However, would this act invade people s privacy? Would these programs restrict the people freedom? Is this program unethical use of computer? There has been a case similar to that situation when the US government used national securityRead MoreGovernment Surveillance Should Not Be A Better Medium Between Liberty And Security1093 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Surveillance The fight to obtain a happy medium between liberty and security continues to be a hard fought game of Tug-of-War. Considering the profusion of various opinions and ideas on the subject of government surveillance there will never be a solution that will satisfy everyone but there is one that will satisfy the majority. There are many logical rationales on the proper course of action whether it is in favor of the National Security Agency (NSA), against them, or a whole otherRead MoreThe Government And The People s Personal Privacy1601 Words   |  7 PagesFor the past few decades, the relationship between the government and the people’s personal privacy has been a widely controversial topic in the United States. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, privacy is the state of being away from the public’s attention. The right to privacy is becoming increasingly harder for individuals to keep hold of, and a primary cause of this is the widening of the scope of the government for the sake of national security. For over a decade, there hasRead MoreDon t Tread On Me1532 Words   |  7 Pagesduties assigned upon them by the responsibilities that is their families, carriers, and the self. The United States government is endowed with the privilege to operate this nation with the duties administered upon them by the people who have appointed them to their position and with best lawful interest execute the bylaws passed down by the forefathers of this country. So when these government officials are off to work to pursuit a democracy that complies with the rules of the constitution and adjustsRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration ( Fema )1540 Words   |  7 Pages Legal definitions of terrorism, domestic and foreign: According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 18 U.S.C.  § 2331 within Chapter 113B domestic terrorism and foreign terrorism will all fall under the title of Terrorism. 2. O.R.C 2909.23 making terrorist threats (LAWriter, 2002) No party shall make a threat solely to terrorize the inhabitant population, sway government policy, or disturb the behavior or a government by threating commit a specified offenseRead MoreThe Nsa And The Terrorist Attacks Against Paris1336 Words   |  6 PagesIn wake of the terrorist attacks against Paris, many American political leaders are urging to increase security measures used to fight terrorism. The question is perpetual, Is government spying necessary to curtail terrorist acts? History The NSA was created on November 4, 1952, by President Harry Truman and was held responsible for collecting, processing, and distributing intelligence information from foreign electronic signals. The NSA contributed to the Nation s work in breaking German

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen - 1492 Words

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen was written in 1879 during the Victorian Era. The story is written as a play to be performed on stage. The two main characters Nora and Torvald Helmer are upper middle class husband and wife, but it boils down to social expectations. Conflicts arise when women are under their husbands rule for everything and society pressure to keep up appearances. Torvald Helmer is the antagonist to Nora, his wife, because he is mostly concerned about his reputation, he is the supreme power of the household, and he is very hypocritical. These character traits make Torvald Helmer out to be a shallow person with no regards for other people’s feelings. A Doll’s House revolves around the lives of Nora and her husband Torvald and their relationship. The play uses man vs. man conflict to illustrate the expectations of a Victorian society. In Act I, Nora and Torvald’s relationship appears happy, loving, and caring. The reader learns of Nora’ s secret of how she borrowed money to save her husband’s life and is now trying to pay it back without Torvald’s knowledge. During this time period, â€Å"a woman couldn’t legally borrow money without her father’s or husband’s consent† (Mays and Booth 878). Krogstad, another character who works at the same bank as Torvald, is the one who lent Nora the money and discovered that Nora forged her father’s signature. Krogstad is now blackmailing Nora, threatening to expose her secret if Nora does not save his job at the bank. Nora begsShow MoreRelatedDoll’s House by Henrik Ibsen1126 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen wrote the book, Doll’s House, in the late 1870s about the life of the common woman in Norway during the 1870s. The book gave society an inside of look of the life women in general. Woman during this time were oppressed and men were contemptuous towards women. Women that opposed their husband were considered ment ally insane and sent to a mental institution. The book is about a domesticated woman named Nora. Nora lives in a house with her husband and their three kids. Nora main job toRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1725 Words   |  7 Pagessuffrage, took place from 1848-1920. In the drama A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, readers are presented with what seems to be the perfect little American dream home. Anti-feminist values are presented immediately in the first scenes of the play and carry out until the end. The play was written in 1879, a time when the feminist movement was just starting to take shape and become well known. The drama A Doll’s House has feminist themes that indicate Henrik Ibsen to be a supporter of the feminist movement throughRead MoreA Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe themes of â€Å"objecthood† and â€Å"feminine liberation† in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House as conveyed through the characterizati on of Torvald and Nora, diction, stage directions and structure in two integral scenes. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House conveys the story of a wife’s struggle to break away from the social norms of late nineteenth century middle class Europe. Throughout the play, Ibsen focuses on Nora’s characterization and experiences and thus this leads the reader to perceive her as the protagonistRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1556 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalent in a variety of literary selections. This paper will focus on animal imagery in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House by using the reader response strategy. In the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, animal imagery is used in the development of the main character Nora. It is also later found that the animal imagery is a critical part in understanding who Nora is and how other characters perceive her. Ibsen uses creative animal imagery to develop Noras character throughout the play. The animalRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1829 Words   |  7 Pages Henrik Ibsen, writer of his most famed play A Doll’s House. Ibsen emphasizes on small-town life in this play. A Doll’s House takes place in the 1880s in Europe/Norway and based on a married couple, Torvald Nora, who are considered to be middle class. The main character Nora in Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, seems to give this false installment of her identity. She is both unpredictable and childlike. The entire first and second act she spends giving this hidden subtext that she is unreliableRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen868 Words   |  3 Pagesmoney is considered to hold the most power. In the case of the household, the person who holds the most power is the person who handles the money, and in our man-centric world, it is usually the man who holds both money and power. In Henrik Ibsens play A Doll’s House, the theme of money is used to establish power roles between the characters of the play, and how the theme contributes to typical gender roles in the 19th century. A womans duty in the 19th century was to exhibit â€Å"piety, purity, submissivenessRead MoreA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, pointedly captures the reality of the Victorian Era within the play. Nora Helmer, the protagonist of the story, represents the typical women in society during that era. The audience’s first impression of Nora is a money obsessed, childish, obedient house wife to her husband, Torvald Helmer. However, as the play progresses one can see that Nora is far from being that typical ideal trophy wife, she is an impulsive liar who goes against society’s norm to be whomRead More A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen â€Å"A dolls house† was written by Henrik Ibsen and produced by famous actors during the time of the 1800’s; in fact it was the year of 1879 to be precise. It was around this time that many different Social, cultural and historical moments were changing through time, leaving the end result to change not only one country but had an effect on most of the world. For this section of the work I will be carefully discussing with you the issues of; * Social events Read More A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen is about a wife that is hiding a big secret from her overprotective husband. The play takes place on Christmas Eve till the day after Christmas. Nora Helmer and Torvald Helmer have been married for 8 years, yet Nora is hiding something from Torvald that she thinks would ruin everything if he found out. It opens up with Nora coming home and decorating the house for Christmas and making preparations. They have 3 children:Read MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen834 Words   |  3 PagesMr. Krogstad, a former employee of Torvald is the leading antagonist in A Doll House. He clearly has an agenda and a lust for power. Krogstad’s lust for power gives the reader a sense of subtle rage because Krogstad only wants what’s best for him and his family but he exploits Nora for his own gain. Krogstad advances the plot by controlling Nora through a loan, while illuminating both main characters, and reinforcing the themes of confusion and lost love. Krogstad influences the plot in a very

Analysis Jonkonnu Essay Sample free essay sample

Jonkonnu is more than merely a jubilation ; it is a dance and a musical tradition every bit good. However. Jonkonnu dance traditions make it the island’s oldest manner on record. It blends genuinely Jamaican manners to go the dance performed at today’s jubilations. Typically. African groups would ordain mime-style dramas. while European traditions of common people theatre played short scenes and recitations. Specific dances are ascribed to the terpsichoreans. each with their ain function and character to portray.  ·Pitchy Patchy dances with little. speedy stairss and turns cartwheels. He moves in big. round forms.  ·Cow Head moves in bucking gestures and is normally dead set low to the land.  ·Devil alternates little. bouncy stairss with much longer 1s and makes speedy bends and poke with his pitchfork.  ·Belly Woman. sometimes considered to be a negative image of mulatto adult females. made motions with her belly in clip to the music. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: Jonkonnu Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Set Girls are in costume groups divided between bluish and ruddy. normally played by mulatto adult females. frequently mistresses. However. this tradition is no longer carried out. Similarly. the character of Babu developed in East Indian communities. â€Å"Red Indians† are besides characters that were cultivated to take part in the dance. and. though they may stand for the Tainos. they could hold more to make with the mix with other civilizations. The dance’s beginning in birthrate rites can still be seen in the manner of the dance moves. including one where the terpsichoreans all of a sudden stop with their hips frontward. Other hip-based dance moves are of import to the jubilations as good. Further. while it’s been associated with Christmas celebrations. Jonkonnu is non a spiritual dance. Pukkumina Pukkumina dances are based in the rites of Myalism. but they are portion of the Revival tradition. Pukkumina is a distinguishable Revivalist group and non the same as Zion. Most noteworthy for its ownership rites. this group is besides celebrated for its dances. The rites themselves differ from topographic point to topographic point. but they all use music and jury-rigged tunes and harmoniousnesss to assist bring on ownership. These three-day festivals include many different facets. but terpsichoreans who surround the leader move in a mode similar to Turkish twirling dervishes. proposing East Indian influences every bit good.

Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management

Executive Summary In the recent past, organisations have embraced change management as a way of increasing productivity when faced with economic, social, technological, or environmental challenges.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To assess the effectiveness of change management, this report delves into an analysis of drivers of organizational change at the Virgin Blue Holdings, as well as the barriers it may face in the change management process, including the management barrier, vision barrier, and the resource barrier. More so, through a review of literature, the report underscores diverse models used in change management, including procedural model, Kotter’s model, and EFQM Excellence model, with a view of finding out the most viable change management theory that should be adopted by the Virgin Blue Holdings. As such, this report r ecommends the procedural model over other change management models by demonstrating its effectiveness through analysing the stages involved in the process. This indicates that an effective change management strategy should address each phase separately, as this helps to highlight the barriers to organisational change, as well as to provide recommendation for improving the change management process. This report brings to light the rationale behind adopting change management as a viable managerial practice. Introduction Change management is a critical tool to human resource managers, as it persuades and enables workers to accept new ideas, values, technologies, processes and administration. Change in the workplace is inevitable as changes in environmental, technological, economic, social, as well as the legal factors make businesses constantly apply new technologies, upgrade systems, and change their management practices in an effort to improve productivity.Advertising Looking fo r report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This change is normally faced with many challenges, and key among them include realignment of human resources and redeployment of capital resources (Kanter 2003, p.237). Thus, change management is an indispensable process that facilitates acceptance of new ideas, values, technologies, processes, and administration, and its participation should include all the staff members as well as the stakeholders (Saka 2003). It is from this perspective that the field of change management has been evolving over the years to ensure that all employees embrace change within the organisational settings. This paper will provide a report on the case study of the â€Å"Virgin Blue Holdings† to give an informed review of change management models and theories and their effectiveness. It will begin with analysing the drivers of organisational changes and proceed to evaluate the model s and theories necessary for an effective change process. Analysis Of Drivers Of Organisational Change At The Virgin Blue Holdings Despite the fact that many organisations resist changes during the initial stages and find it expensive to implement, a number of aspects force them to make operational changes. Thus, an organisation can be forced to adopt relevant changes when its alters its mission statement; when its products / services become obsolete due to technological factors, among other factors; or when it is faced with a stiff competition that can only be conquered through a merger (Gebauer, Fischer, Fleisch 2010). One of the most important drivers of organisational change is when companies fail to achieve financial targets. This makes them evaluate their business objectives and processes in a bid to avert the crisis. The Virgin Blue Holdings reports a 62% decline in the net profits, a profit margin that is below the target level.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This portrays that the company is experiencing an inadequate financial performance, thus necessitating change in its business operations. The decline can be attributed to strong competitive forces, making it attain only 10% of the market share. And since the Virgin Blue Holdings wants to attain a competitive advantage, it has been forced to adopt a move that cannot be overemphasized: restructuring its business operations to match the dynamic trends. Thus, extreme competition is a driver to organisational change as it forces some organisations to change their objectives and strategies. In this regard, the Virgin Blue Holdings has made an endeavor to change its objectives and strategies by making sure that it takes the necessary steps that aim at including the corporate travelers, besides the leisure travelers, as part of its market share. Its change mana gement approach stems from the fact that companies that understand and address the ever-increasing demands of their customers are major competitors than the companies that neglect the rising trends, as this reduces their chances of facing a diminishing market share (Gebauer, Fischer, Fleisch 2010). Moreover, it is imperative to note that businesses should not only adapt to organisational changes due to technological innovations but also due to peoples’ attitudes and social behavior affecting them (Penger et al. 2007). In this regard, the Virgin Blue Holdings is required to acquire a profound understanding of the social factors that may affect productivity of the company by trying to understand the current demand of the employees. More so, companies should create social relations and collaborate with other companies’ practices that are in line with its change strategy. And it is for this reason that the Virgin Blue Holdings has taken the initiative of benchmarking its uniform with a popular fashion industry, which is commonly known as the Project Runway.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, when a product reaches the end of its product life cycle, companies are forced either to cut the operating costs of the product in question or to introduce another product in the market. This is evident in the Virgin Blue Holdings as it seeks to introduce Airbus A330 aircraft to operate between Sydney and Perth. This aircraft is expected to present a new product in the market by introducing a new business class cabin and a â€Å"superior economy class.† Companies can also be forced to change their management system as they seek to cut costs that prove to be detrimental to the company’s profit. This is normally achieved by collaborating with other companies in the field. At this stage, some companies take the approach of partnering with existing competitors, and this, in turn, facilitates structural changes to company’s business processes through teams that help to sustain performance. To cut excessive costs, the Virgin Blue Holdings has taken the i nitiative of collaborating with the Skywest, and this provides it with an opportunity of flying the Turboprop aircraft to regional routes. However, such kind of a partnership is characterised by redundancy or threats to organizational culture, and this elicits organisational changes due to differences emanating from divergent views of management practices and cultural values of two different companies as they seek common ground (Kanter 2003, p.253). Thus, an effective change management process is required to bring this to fruition. In a bid to adopt an effective change management process, it is paramount to analyse a number of challenges that the Virgin Blue Holdings may face in the process. Barriers To The Organisational Change While managing organisational changes, it is paramount to establish whether the new paradigm is acceptable to all members of the team because this facilitates implementation of a viable framework to counter the organisational change barriers, which include t he management barrier, vision barrier, and the resource barrier. These barriers emanate from inadequate requirement planning, failure to consult the affected members, and inadequate training (Coram Burnes 2011). Because of this, sufficient justification and education should be put in place to realign individuals with the new company’s direction, since the move of coming up with new strategic changes may not be fully embraced by the employees as well as other stakeholder. Nevertheless, change agents, which involve managing employees’ attitudes, can assist with the changing process despite the fact that not all agents are acknowledged in change management. For case in point, while the Virgin Blue Holdings has taken the initiative of collaborating with Skywest, some staff members of the Virgin Blue Holdings may not appreciate the move since it may raise discomfort, which normally emanates from working with an organisation that has been considered as a rival over the year s. Organisational changes present an organisation with a new mission and vision statement, making the employees attain new job specifications. The employees may tend to resist these changes after realising that the move will necessitate additional skills, which they may lack at the time of the change implementation (Coram Burnes 2011). In such a case, the organisational barrier emanates from failure to plan adequately and ignoring the affected employees, who, in turn, affect the rest of the employees within the organisation. Additionally, inadequate training serves as a barrier to organisational changes. For case in point, many employees are offered basic skills in computer software operation with a view of increasing their proficiency in computer operations. However, this does not always provide them with an opportunity to handle logistics involved with the new line of business operation. Thus, the Virgin Blue Holdings should ensure that it provides formal training required to han dle the new line of business, namely, the new airport lounges and the business class products. Techniques, Theories, And Models Of Change Management A vast majority of organisations are faced with a dilemma when it comes to managing change. This has necessitated an analysis of change management models to underscore the prime factors that should be considered in order to achieve the change process successfully. Some models are designed in such a way that they are in a position of addressing a number of barriers, including decision phase barriers, preparation phase barriers, design phase barriers, and implementation phase barriers. It is from this perspective that a number of change management models have emerged in order to counter the challenges faced with the overall change management process. Diefenbach (2007) affirms that an effective change management technique should entail analysing the change process using a number of dimensions, with the first dimension emphasizing on the es sence and the extent of change. The changes are then arranged in sequence in an effort to differentiate the reactive from the anticipated change. The procedural model, according to Cameron and Green (2009, p.124), defines organisational change as evolutionary, meaning that changes continuously evolve from one department to the next, while the EFQM Excellence model puts more emphasis on evaluating as well as aligning a company in an effort to meet the expected quality after the change process takes effect. And while the procedural model compares with the Kotter’s model in the sense that both operate under the platform of sequential procedure, the procedural model is flexible in that it is able to react positively to unexpected changes emanating from environmental factors affecting an organisation (Cameron Green 2009, p.127). With this in mind, the Virgin Blue Holdings can adopt the procedural model to achieve the desired change effectively. Developing And Implementing A Chang e Management Strategy Given that business strategies are built around innovation, flexibility, speed, customer service, affordable quality, and competitive advantage, developing and implementing an organisational change strategy for Virgin Blue Holdings requires the key decisions to be guided by a set of organisational values and culture. Although the role of top executives is important in sustaining transformation in the firm, the overall participation of all shareholders occupies a central place in this model. Such shareholders include the government, union managers, employees, line managers and top executives. The principles guiding the change process using the procedural model are divided into five phases, namely, the decision, preparation, design, implementation, and, finally, reinforcing changes phase. These phases are discussed below in turn. The Decision Phase Effective development of strategic change can only be achieved when a company defines the factors that affect its pr oductivity (Self Schraeder 2009). In this regard, the clients, society, government policies, competitors, as well as the environment affect the Virgin Blue Holdings’ productivity as it seeks to come up with new airport lounges, new uniforms, as well as a new business class. Thus, this phase entails taking a decision that would enable it cope with dynamic changes of business process in order to be in a position of coordinating its business operations for the next strategic period. Developing strategic changes starts with making decision on the intended nature of change. The challenge with decision-making, however, may create an assumption that the managers are in a position of predicting the future. The employees, in contrast, may express doubts towards the success of the new strategic change. However, a detailed description of how this model works and what it encompasses can be made possible by carrying out a critical analysis of its strong and weak points and the opportunit ies and threats that it presents in the management of change in the workplace. In doing so, the Virgin Blue Holdings acquires sufficient knowledge that would help to prioritise alternatives as well attract change through creating a positive attitude to the employees as they handle the new line of business (Proctor Doukakis 2003). The Preparation Phase Managers involved in the strategic change are increasingly required to demonstrate the ability to contribute to the overall welfare of their organisations. As such, they should strive to participate in the accomplishments of the organisation’s objectives and visions. Thus, they should not only focus on their departments but should engage in an increased cooperation with the in-line managers. More so, they should display a wide range of knowledge on how to effectively design work systems that encourage organisations’ success. In addition to this, a good preparation phase calls for effective communication skills. This stem s from the fact that effective communication facilitates reaching a point of consensus with the employees while planning and designing the organisational changes. More so, communication explicitly analyses the barriers to organisational changes in the event where the employees share their opinions regarding the proposed changes. This, in turn, helps to reduce employees’ resistance to organisational changes (Lewis 2011, p. 56). However, in order for communication to achieve its objectives in the organisation change process, it must be done face-to-face and through the company’s website. In the face-to-face interviews, the managers should ensure validity in the communication process in order to avoid biased opinions from the employees. And while using the company’s website, the managers should use an ordinary computer since a new computer model may end up scaring some workers who are not accustomed to it. The preparation phase should also include the affected memb ers who may be displaced due to adoption of new line of business operations. Effective communication with the affected members should be carried out in a manner that does not affect the other employees’ attitude towards change. This stems from the fact that employee dissatisfaction and resistance to change could only be countered if the strategic changes of the organisation are well understood and accepted by all, including the affected members (Proctor Doukakis 2003). The Design Phase This is the stage where the organisational managers meet with the employees for discussion on the planning of the change process. The managers define the behaviours and competencies expected of the employees and the target on what the employees are expected to achieve over a given period of time. Thus, this phase entails motivating and empowering the employees towards achieving the set target, and it can be achieved by introduction new technologies and products in a timely manner. The Virgin B lue Holdings has designed its strategic change by defining ways in which it is expecting to achieve its objects, such as penetrating pricing and new marketing campaigns, in a manner that takes into account the time intervals and deadlines under which the strategy is expected to achieve its purpose. In doing so, the Virgin Blue Holdings is in a position of identifying change constrains before implementing the subsequent strategic changes, as well as managing the change process effectively due to timely distribution of cost of the change process (Cameron Green 2009). The Implementation Phase In this phase, the organisation defines the changes and the time the company would take to adopt the changes effectively. Thus, the implementation phase monitors the deadlines and the expected target adopted in the design phase. This target definition is vital since it helps the management to assess whether the intended changes have been achieved. More so, the implementation phase should address all the disciplines within an organisational setting, with each head of department taking the role of controlling, monitoring, and ensuring that the changes are in line with the set boundaries (Cameron Green 2009). This is paramount because, even with high sense of vision and direction, it is very risky for one individual to take the lead in large-scale organisational changes. The Reinforcing Changes Phase It is imperative to mention that change management process should be designed in such a way that it is able to assess whether the changes adopted are valid and congruent with the company’s culture (Coram Burnes 2001). Additionally, this phase should be used to establish other environmental or social factors that may further lead to a subsequent development of mission and vision statements. This phase is paramount because it manages information regarding the change process in the implementation phase, including the employee’s attitude towards change, and forms a goo d background for implementing an effective change process in future. Conclusion This report has clearly analysed and developed change strategies that could be considered by the Virgin Blue Holdings in order for it to survive and prosper. With the tensions and uncertainty faced by organisation while adapting to innovations, it is advisable that the Virgin Blue Holdings adopts an appropriate change model and strategy that would allow it deal with such threats. This report has underscored the barriers to organisational changes, including management barrier, vision barrier, and resource barrier, and has recommended the procedural model for the Virgin Blue Holdings change management process since it seeks to manage the change by monitoring closely the five phases of the change process in a sequential order. List of References Cameron, E Green, M 2009, Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools techniques of organizational change, Kogan Page, London. Coram, R Burnes, B 2001, ‘Managing organizational change in the public sector: Lessons from the privatisation of the Property Service Agency’, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol.14 no.2, pp. 94-110. Diefenbach, T 2007, ‘The managerialistic ideology of organisational change management’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 20 no.1, pp.126–144. Gebauer, H, Fischer, T, Fleisch, E 2010, ‘Exploring the interrelationship among patterns of service strategy changes and organizational design elements’, Journal of Service Management, Vol. 21 no.1, pp.103 – 129. Kanter, R 2003, The Challenge of organizational change: How companies experience it and leaders guide it, Free Press, New York. Lewis, L 2011, Organizational change: Creating change through strategic communication, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex. Penger, S, CÃŒÅ'rnak-MeglicÃŒÅ', A, TekavcÃŒÅ'icÃŒÅ', M, Hrovatin, N, SkornsÃŒÅ'ek, P. 2007. â €˜Strategic change management in the public sector: The Slovenian case’, Reflecting on Issues and Controversies in Current Management Trends, pp.189-206. Proctor, T Doukakis, I 2003, ‘Change management: the role of internal communication and employee development’, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 8 no.4, pp. 268-277. Saka, A 2003, ‘Internal change agents’ view of the management of change problem’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 no.5, pp. 480-496. Self, D Schraeder, M 2009, ‘Enhancing the success of organizational change: Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance’, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 30 no. 2, pp.167-182. This report on Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management was written and submitted by user Kallie Merrill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS How to Write an Amazon Book Description That Sells Selling books is a result of two factors: traffic and conversion. While the Amazon book description won't affect traffic (i.e., discoverability), it's one of the most important conversion factors (along with the cover, the reviews, and the "look-inside").For example, author Alessandra Torre self-published her first book on Amazon in 2012, and for the first three months of the release, she sold between five and fifteen copies a day. Then, on a whim, she changed the blurb on her Amazon page and saw her daily sales jump to 300 overnight. Her sales kept doubling to the point where she was selling 2,000 copies a day!What does this tell us? That optimizing your book description for online retailers is critical if you want to actually move copies. In this post on how to write a book description, we’ve condensed the process - for both fiction and non-fiction authors - into three steps:1. The Headline: Hook readers inAmazon only displays the first few lines of your product description, meaning you have very limited space to capture a reader’s attention enough to click on your book and find out more. That’s the role of the headline: if a reader’s attention isn’t grabbed straight off the bat, then you’ve already lost them.Having an effusive and descriptive pull quote for your first line is really effective, and you’ll see the technique used time and again by bestsellers and newcomers alike. Whether your reviews are editorial or reader reviews from Amazon or Goodreads, add them into your description. Word-of-mouth recommendations are great conversion tools.However, if you don’t have any suitable reviews or sales stats to speak of (yet), make sure that your first sentence fea tures a snappy, irresistible hook. The key to a good headline is to include keywords that people on the hunt for their next read will immediately recognize. This could be:GenreMajor themesA series nameAwardsBrands or celebrities involvedTIPS FOR FICTION†¦Here’s an example of a self-publishing author using social validation to hook readers in. â€Å"The million-selling series starts here,† it says, letting readers know that these books are really popular.Sincero’s description uses slightly more formal language for the previous sections of the Amazon page, while she’s still laying the groundwork for acquiring reader trust. She closes the deal by speaking more directly and causally to the reader, and appealing to emotion. They reiterate what readers will get out of the book and invite you to dive in.Tip for optimizing your wrap-up for Amazon: Don’t wait for people to leave reviews on your Amazon page - put them right in the book description your self. The wrap-up is a great place to include them, and if you already have a relationship with some of your reviewers, you can always ask them if you can amend their review slightly to include any keywords you haven’t hit yet. The three steps for writing an Amazon book description that sells. #pubtips And there you have it! Work on your attention-grabbing headline, your enticing blurb, your final selling points and you’ve got yourself an ace book description in the making. It might take a few tries to get it right, but it's more than worth the investment.Of course, if you find that your book is still underperforming even after revising your description, consider working with a professional who specializes in blurb and metadata optimization. These experts understand all the trends and techniques that go into a perfect description and can really help maximize your book's potential! When it comes to Amazon, your blurb and metadata are so important that you don't want to take a chance - so when in doubt, go pro.Have you picked up any of your own tricks for an effective Amazon book description? Leave any questions or thoughts in the comments below!

Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, and Dispersions

Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, and Dispersions Solutions, suspensions, colloids, and other dispersions are similar but have characteristics that set each one apart from the others. Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent. The substance that  is dissolved is the solute. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or molecules, making  them 10-9 m or smaller in diameter. Example: Sugar and water Suspensions The particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents but the components will eventually settle out. Example: Oil and water Colloids Particles intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions can be mixed in such a way that they remain evenly distributed without settling out. These particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m in size and are termed colloidal particles or colloids. The mixture they form is called a colloidal dispersion. A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium. Example: Milk Other Dispersions Liquids, solids, and gasses all may be mixed to form colloidal dispersions. Aerosols: Solid or liquid particles in a gasExamples: Smoke is solid in a gas. Fog is a liquid in a gas. Sols: Solid particles in a liquidExample: Milk of Magnesia is a sol with solid magnesium hydroxide in water. Emulsions: Liquid particles in a liquidExample: Mayonnaise is oil in water. Gels: Liquids in solidExamples: Gelatin is protein in water. Quicksand is sand in water. Telling Them Apart You can tell suspensions from colloids and solutions because the components of suspensions will eventually separate. Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. A beam of light passing through a true solution, such as air, is not visible. Light passing through a colloidal dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will be reflected by the larger particles and the light beam will be visible.

Planning Windows for Climate Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Planning Windows for Climate Change - Article Example There is a huge array of window types available now, and each type has its benefits and problems. There are many types of glass which conserve energy, but they can be costly and require changes in wall design. One might think that putting in fewer windows will solve the problems of climate change, but this not only make human spaces unattractive, it does not necessarily provide the best solution. Properly placed windows of the right type can actually increase the R-value of a wall, and glass walls which include solar energy design can actually provide a positive impact on energy use. There are simply many variables to consider in choosing and placing windows in buildings, so a plan for guidance will be a valuable addition to the body of knowledge. There are, essentially, three major factors we must consider when designing structures: the thermodynamics of the overall constructions, the various things which impact energy use from solar energy design to internal energy use and the availability, cost, structural needs and technical aspects of windows. By using a system of decision support for choosing window types and placement, architects can be better equipped to incorporate well-placed windows of the proper types to support the future needs in view of climate change. This research will create that tool. There are numerous studies that assumptions that the climate is changing or which actually present proof. One of the most important is Al Gore’s â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† (2006). Gleick, Peter H., ed. 1993b. Water in Crisis.  

Reading Response and Thinking about Research Questions Essay

Reading Response and Thinking about Research Questions - Essay Example The read essays from the book have different titles and authors. The first essay is written by Brian O’Leary and the title of the essay is â€Å"Tools of the Digital Workflow†. The essay basically talks about how the nature, history and business of publishers vary greatly, making it hard to identify a set if preferred tools. As the content changes to a more robust digital environment, publishers need to make decisions about related services that are licensed or outsourced completely. The second essay is entitled â€Å"Why the Book and the Internet Will Merge† and is written by Hugh McGuire. In summary, there is no much incentive for publishers to change books into something that can be read on a screen. The reason for this argument is that many would not prefer reading books from screens. However, most people prefer reading books in form of books and they equally prefer spending most of their time on the internet making funny photos of cats, blogging about what t hey have done, and contributing to the world’s biggest encyclopedia (McGuire & OLeary). In the first essay, â€Å"Tools of the Digital Workflow†, it is interesting to learn that digital workflows greatly helps publishers in thinking about product planning. Even though the practice is still rare, using digital workflows can signal the start of a period of discovering work. It therefore means that event-driven publishing can change into a more continuous model. In the second essay, â€Å"Why the Book and the Internet Will Merge†, it is interesting to learn that eBooks have arrived in the market in force. Unlike in 2008 when only 1% of trade book sales in the United States were eBooks, the number had hit 20% by 2011. With this steady increase in the number of eBooks in the market, the number in expected to hit 50% by the end of 2015 (McGuire &

Why Do Parents Abduct? Essay -- essays research papers

Why Do Parents Abduct? According to the U.S. Department of Justice, over 354,000 children are kidnapped by a parent each year in divorce custody disputes. Some of the children are recovered or returned quickly while others may be on the run for years. Unfortunately many of these children are never found. Generally, people are concerned with the traumatic effects of these events on the child involved. However, both the searching parent and the abductor have many pending issues with which to deal. Some people believe that children "kidnapped" by their own parents are the lucky ones. In fact, because revenge is often the driving force for these abductions, the child may become subject to physical, sexual and mental abuse. While "When Families Are Torn Apart," is written by Mary Morrissey, the majority of the article is quoted from Geoffrey Greif and Rebecca Hegar. In the article, Greif and Hegar explain how they attempted to fill in the gap of information about the trauma of long-term abduction. Their findings appear in the book When Parents Kidnap. Each parent, child, and abductor may deal with the kidnapping differently. For some it is very frightful and requires years of psychological evaluation to overcome. According to Greif and Hegar, abducted children develop extremely close bonds with their abductors. Often the abductors lie to the children about the other parent. They may say that the other parent does not want the child or is dead. The longer the child is away the harder it is for everyone involved. At these times, professional help is strongly suggested. Issues for Parent - their own feelings about the abduction - helping them to be able to care for the child - helping them to bring the whole family together - helping them to help readjust the other children - helping them to cope with any odd behavior that may be exhibited by the abducted child - developmental changes of the child Issues for Children - trust - sexual abuse - anti-social behavior - why the child thinks the abduction occurs - dealing with the length of the abduction and the time that they missed with the rest of their family - experiences during the abduction - they child may have been brainwashed by the abducting parent - whether or not she wants to return to the abductor - being scared about the chance of being abducted again - + many others Issues for Abdu... ...ence. You can hurt someone just as much emotionally as if you had stabbed them with a knife or cut off their arm. Just as applicable is that this is an extreme, and excessive end to a divorce dispute. What I found interesting about the reunification process in these cases is that they are often depicted in both movies and books as a joyful reunion. When if fact, the assimilation of an abducted child to the family that they have not seen in years is not always so smooth. I was appalled by the lack of assistance from the police and the ignorance of the courts. The idea that a parent would kill their own child and take their own life as well, solely to prevent their ex- spous e from being with the child is incomprehensible. Both of the articles were extremely informative. The techniques used to write the articles were equally effective, giving a different perspective on the stories. The possibility of recovering after an event as traumatic as abduction through psychological counseling is a welcomed and exciting idea. The course on "Introduction to Psychology" has opened my eyes to the extent that psychology can go to help make a difference in the lives of people everywhere.

Descriptions And Categories Of Hurricanes Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionHurricanes are tropical storms with air current velocities transcending 74mph. They typically occur over oceans and get down their formations from the equatorial parts of the universe. They are really complex conditions phenomena that are still hard to understand. They are besides called tropical cyclones and typhoons. in order for them to be classified in 1969 by Saffir, H and Simpson, B. developed a graduated table which is used to categorise them, this is refered to as the Saffir-Simpson graduated table. They range from least harmful to the most harmful ranging from class 1-5 ( Katsaros et al, 2002, ) . Hurricanes are normally accompanied by storm rushs. In order to understand the character of hurricanes the ambiance over oceans are continuously observed by assorted conditions orbiters in infinite, and other aerial detectors. Storm surges normally accompany hurricanes. Classs Cardinal Pressures in millibars Wind velocities Miles per hour Damage 1 & gt ; 980 74-95 Minimal 2 965-979 96-110 Moderate 3 945-964 111-130 Extensive 4 920-944 131-155 Extreme 5 & lt ; 920 & gt ; 155 Catastrophic Table 1: Showing Saffir-Simpson graduated table â€Å" Beginning: Adapted from katsaros et Al ( 2002 ) † Figure 1: Partss of a hurricane â€Å" Beginning: NASA online † The parts which are: the oculus, the wall and the rain sets.Remote Sensing of hurricanes.As a consequence of their really destructive nature, hurricanes are monitored by orbiters and aerial remote feeling engineerings. The type of detectors used scope from the optical, micro-cook and non merely by conditions orbiters but by several other orbiters. In the instance of exigencies other orbiters are besides used to supervise hurricanes. Table 2 below shows some of the orbiters and aerial detectors that are used in the instance of exigencies to supervise hurricanes. Optical and micro-cook orbiters are frequently really critical in supervising hurricanes as they tend to come on. Due to their big spacial declarations, they can be used to track the flight of hurricanes. These optical imagination are besides sometimes used in the absence of Radar techniques, to analyze the physical belongingss of hurricanes. These physical belongingss include: liquid H2O way, thermodynamic stage of atoms and their approximative size ( Kokhanovsky & A ; Hoyningen-Huene, 2004 ) In order to supervise hurricanes as they progress, in order for hurricanes to be understood in the context of its character and physical belongingss, microwave orbiters provide seasonably atmospheric coverage as they can perforate clouds and due to their long wavelengths and work irrespective of twenty-four hours or dark. ( Navalgund et al, 2007 ) . Scatterometers, Man-made Aperture Radar and micro-cook radiometers are some of the instruments uses in microwave remote feeling. While Scatterrometers and Man-made Aperture Radar are active detectors breathing their ain energy, Microwave Radiometers merely step reflected energy transmitted to it as it is a inactive detector. Scatterometers are used to mensurate surface air current velocities and way. They measure ocean surface raggedness and are really sensitive instruments. If the air current velocity is non Of all the declarations, a high temporal declaration is the most of import in tracking the way of a hurricane. This is non to state that radiometric, spectral and spacial declarations are non of import. This is necessary in order to adequately foretell the way of the hurricane and to efficaciously supervise its advancement to state if its strength is reduced or increased. Besides, information and information about hurricanes can easy go out-of-date as as the hurricane changes its class. Timely airing of informations from a hurricane is necessary in order for the terminal usage which might be a catastrophe monitoring bureau to accurately circulate information to the general populace. Besides, a high spectral declaration is needed in order to easy separate between sets, to be able to properly analyse informations presented. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer ( MODIS ) has really high spectral declaration of 32 sets when compared with Landsat Thematic plotter which has 7 sets ( Womble et al 2006 ) . In the trailing of the hurricane, a really larger spectral declaration will find the peculiarity between sets and the ability to spot information. Determining the perpendicular construction of the ambiance requires a high spectral declaration infrared observations. ( Schmit et al 2009 ) . Synergy or a combination of the assorted distant feeling engineerings frequently produce the best information needed to understand hurricanes. In a study carried by MCEER in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, it was found that earlier forcasts about the class of the storm was incorrect. By uniting informations from assorted assorted orbiters, the true magniturde of the hurricane was determined ( Womble et al 2006 ) . Future tendencies in hurricane forcasting will concentrate on bettering spectral declaration in order to be able to easy demonstrated engineering such as the advanced IR sounder engineering will enable â€Å" A geostationary advanced IR sounder would supply breakthrough measurings on the clip development of horizontal and perpendicular H2O vapour and temperature constructions. These measurings would be an unprecedented beginning of information on the dynamic and thermodynamic atmospheric Fieldss, an of import benefit to nowcasting and numerical conditions anticipation † ( Schmit et al 2009 ; 2274 ) A high radiometric declaration on the other manus will take to greater peculiarity in images. The higher the spectral declaration of the image, the more characteristics can be distinguished. The areal extent covered when tracking a hurricane should non be so much in order for the Instantaneous field of position non to be excessively much. In accessing jeopardies after the hurricane, a spacial declaration is needed. As u can non hold it all, trade offs are made and determinations as to instruments which can integrate all of these features possibly will give better apprehension of hurricanes.Table 2: Distant feeling informations used in hurricane monitoring. â€Å" Beginning: Womble et Al ( 2006 ) † REMOTE SENSING OF HURRICANES The first conditions orbiters which were launched provided planetary coverage of conditions events and due to their low spacial declarations. They besides had high temporal declarations supplying seasonably updates every bit frequently as every 30mins. These orbiters include APPROPRIATENESS OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO SOCIO ECONOMIC SITUATION The socio-economic stableness attained by the western universe has enabled her to accomplish and be able to develop and afford really expensive engineering such as distant detection. The placing of orbiters in infinite whether Geostationary or polar orbiting and the usage of other signifiers of airborne ( aeroplanes, balloons etc ) Remote Sensing Technology, the benefits derivable from timely warning of catastrophes such as hurricanes can non be of all time emphasized ( Murthi & A ; Madhusudan 2008 ) . Without this engineering natural happenings such as hurricanes can non be predicted. Remote feeling engineering by enabling early sensing of natural catastrophes and triping off widespread warning enables catastrophe warning and catastrophe direction proparations to be carried out. Disaster direction organic structures such as FERMA, seashore guard both of the united provinces are better equipped to work decently and can assist salvage 100s of 1000s of lives and harm to belongings can besides be reduced. â€Å" Satellite observations of land, oceans, atmosphere, and specifically, during natural and human-induced jeopardies have become important for protecting the planetary environment, cut downing catastrophe losingss, and accomplishing sustainable development † ( Navagundi et al 2007: 1747 ) . As a consequence of timely warning of impending catastrophes, concerns are given early warnings and can shut on clip, and belongingss which can be moved out of injuries manner were moved. In 1992, hurricane Andrew destroyed about 25,524 places and damaged another 101,241 taking to estimated amendss of $ 25billion. Besides, in 2005 hurricanes Denis, Katrina, Rita and Wilma caused huge amendss amounting to $ 32.83 billion ( Otero et al 2009 ) . IMPORTANCE OF REAL TIME REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY In supervising hurricanes as they grow and advancement, existent clip information or information is required as information can easy go out-of-date. Timely data entree and airing is really of import peculiarly in hurricanes. Although satellite engineering provides information about hurricanes they do non demo plenty item to be able to really accurately predict their tends or proctor hurricanes. NASA normally flies aircraft into the oculus of the hurricane to be able to acquire more item about the hurricanes. In cases when it is excessively unsafe to wing, aircrafts that do non necessitate worlds are flown into the hurricanes to be able to acquire more inside informations and timely updates. Hurricane Katrina presented new frontiers for research as it showed oversights in satellite anticipations. Initial premises based on the safir-simpson graduated table declared hurricane Katrina as a class 4 storm. Latter ratings utilizing a synergism of low declaration orbiters, moderate declaration orbiters, high declaration orbiters and high declaration aerial imagination showed that it was a class 3 storm and that the sum of devastation that accompanied it was a consequence of the storm rush which was still category 5 ( Womble et at 2006 ) . Detailss of the orbiters and their declarations is given below in table 2. Had the exact strength of the storm rush been known before Katrina hit, there would hold been a more equal readying and exigency response. REFEERENCES Dabas, A. ( 2010 ) Detecting the Atmospheric air current from infinite. Comptes Rendus Geosciences. Article in imperativeness. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Harding, L.W. , Miller, W.D. , Swift, R.N. & A ; Wright, C.W. ( 2003 ) Aircraft Remote Sensing. Encyclopaedia of Ocean Sciences. Pp.113-122. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Katsaros, K.B. Vachon, P.W. Liu, W.T. & A ; Black, P.G ( 2002 ) Microwave Remote Sensing of Tropical Cyclones from Space. Journal of Oceanography [ Internet ] January 58 ( 1 ) , pp.137-151 Available from & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.springerlink.com & gt ; [ last accessed 2 January 2010 ] Kokhanovsky, A.A. & A ; Hoyiningen-Huene, W.V. ( 2004 ) Optical belongingss of a hurricane. Atmospheric Research. [ Internet ] January-March 69 ( 3-4 ) pp.165-183 Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Levinson, D. H. , Vickery, P.J. & A ; Resio, D.T. ( 2008 ) A reappraisal of the climatological features of landfalling Gulf hurricanes for air current, moving ridge, and billow hazard appraisal. Ocean Engineering. Article in imperativeness. Murthi, R.S. & A ; Madhusudan, H.N. ( 2008 ) Strategic considerations in Indian infinite programme-Towards maximising socio-economic benefits. Acta Astronuatica. [ Internet ] July-August 63 ( 1-4 ) pp.503-508 Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Navalgundi, R.R. Jayaraman, V. & A ; Roy, P.S. ( 2007 ) Remote Feeling Applications: An Overview. Current Science [ Internet ] December 93 ( 12 ) , pp.1747-1766 Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1747.pdf [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Otero, C.E. , Velazquez, A. , Kostanic, I. , Subramanian, C. , Pinelli, J. & A ; Buist, L. ( 2009 ) Real-time Monitoring of Hurricane Winds utilizing Wireless and Sensor Technology. JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS. [ Internet ] December 4 ( 12 ) pp.1275-1285 Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academypublisher.com/ojs/index.php/jcp/article/viewFile/041212751285/1332 [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Schmit T.J. Li, J. Ackerman, S.A. & A ; Gurka, J.J. ( 2009 ) High-Spectral- and High-Temporal-Resolution Infrared Measurements from Geostationary Orbit. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. [ Internet ] November, volume 26 pp.2273-2292 Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0426/26/11/pdf/i1520-0426-26-11-2273.pdf [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] Womble, J.A. Ghosh, S. Adams, B.J. & A ; Friedland, C.J. ( 2006 ) Advanced Damage Detection for Hurricane Katrina: Integrating Remote Sensing and VIEWSa„? Field Reconnaissance. MCEER Special Report Series [ Internet ] March, Volume 2, pp hypertext transfer protocol: //mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/Katrina/06SP02-web.pdf [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ] NASA ( 2004 ) How strong is that Hurricane. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k4/home/F_How_Strong_Is_That_Hurricane.html [ last accessed 02 January 2010 ]

How MRSA Became Resistant To Antibiotics And Became Such a Prevalent Organism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2422 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Discuss how MRSA became resistant to antibiotics and became such a prevalent organism associated with British hospitals. Explain how MRSA is treated and touch upon the wider implications for antibiotics and the future of healthcare. Introduction It may be argued that micro-organisms are the most successful life form on the planet partly due to their pervasive presence and their utilisation of any available food source, including humans. The ubiquitous presence of micro-organisms and their astronomic numbers give rise to many mutations that account for rapid evolutionary adaptation and in part for emerging antibiotic resistance (Evans and Brachman 1998). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How MRSA Became Resistant To Antibiotics And Became Such a Prevalent Organism" essay for you Create order Bacteria have evolved numerous structural and metabolic virulence factors that enhance their survival rate in the host. Once such bacteria is Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). What is MRSA and why did resistance occur? The genus Staphylococcus are non-motile, Gram-positive cocci, measuring 0.5-1.5 µm in diameter and are commonly found in the nose and on skin. They can occur singly, in pairs, short chains or in grape like clusters. There are several species but Staphylococcus aureus has been a significant pathogen for humans for many years. It is different from other Staphylococci because it produces the enzyme coagulase. Potential virulence factors include surface proteins, which promote colonisation and membrane damaging toxins that can either damage tissue or invoke other disease symptoms. Before the emergence of antibiotics, the mortality rate for Staphylococcus aureus infections was 80% (Fedtke et al 2004). The versatile organism has developed a resistance to Meticillin due to its mobile genetic element the mecA gene, which is found in the Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and this mediates the resistance to ÃŽÂ ²-lactam antibiotics such as Meticillin (Greenwood 2000). Of the current antimicrobial resistant organisms, Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is probably the most challenging in a hospital setting. MRSA first came to the publics attention, here in the UK, in the 1980s when the first epidemic strain, Epidemic Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA was identified. Subsequently a further sixteen epidemic strains have been recognised. Each strain has its own genetic makeup and display resistance to different antibiotics. EMRSA -15 and EMRSA -16 are the most common strains found in the UK, accounting for 96% of all MRSA bacteraemia. Worryingly, a new strain, EMRSA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 17 was identified in 2000. Not only did it display resistance to the previously recognised antibiotics but also Fusidic acid, Rifampicin, Tetracycline and sometimes Mupirocin. Evolution and natural selection have produced the mechanism through which micro-organisms can adapt to their ever changing environment, including resistance t o natural and man made antibiotics. Bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus are adept at infecting and colonising humans and also aid other microbes to cause infection by producing anti-inflammatory molecules, which allow microbes to evade the bodys immune system (Fedtke et al 2004). They are also able to hide in biofilms and proteins called defensins.Therefore bacteria successful in these evasive strategies are able to pass these strategies down the generations in a process called horizontal gene transfer (Bush 2004). However, this is not a new phenomenon. As far back as 1940, the journal Nature published an article describing the discovery of an enzyme that destroyed Penicillin called Beta-lactamase. Two mechanisms are used by Staphylococcus aureus to cause infection (Roghmann et al 2005). These are toxin production and tissue invasion. Toxin production is exemplified in gastroenteritis resulting from consuming Staphylococcal enterotoxins in food and tissue invasion is demonst rated in the classical abscess comprised of pus contained in a fibrin wall and surrounded by inflamed tissues. Why a hospital problem? Staphylococci are the classic hospital acquired bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus is the commonest cause of surgical site infection. For years, glycopeptides, such as Vancomycin have been the first choice for serious Staphylococcus aureus infections. Now clinicians are facing strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides, with no decline in virulence (Dancer 2003). Within the hospital environment there are recognised high risk areas/departments where patients are at greater risk of infection. Two such areas are intensive care units and burns units. Examples of factors associated with higher risk MRSA acquisition are previous antibiotic therapy and frequent admissions. The more often a patient is admitted to hospital the greater the chance of exposure to MRSA and being prescribed antibiotics. Patients and their pre-disposing factors,,for example, being immunocompromised,and having wounds make them more susceptible to acquiring MRSA, In addition the healthcare workers and the environment are also potential reservoirs of MRSA. The environment as a reservoir has been more difficult to assess (Dancer 2004), although work done by Rayner 2003 confirmed that MRSA has been isolated on patient equipment. The term risk factors, which are often used in relation to MRSA, apply to the strength of association between the organism and the odds of going onto develop an infection. The factors responsible for increasing resistance are complex and varied as are the potential strategies for overcoming the problem. Inappropriate prescribing and overuse of antimicrobials by clinicians may be driven by lack of understanding of the problem and inadequate surveillance for resistance. Poor prescribing and increasing resistance however not the only issue in the management of Staphylococcus aureus. This is where medical microbiologists are pivotal in the appropriate use of antimicrobials. They can provide clinicians with laboratory reports that contain a restricted nu mber of antimicrobial sensitivities, as well as advising on the correct method and appropriate specimen to obtain. This saves time and resources. Therefore the patient should receive the appropriate antimicrobial treatment at an earlier stage. However, it needs to be acknowledged that prescribers prefer and adhere more closely to policies that take an educational rather than a restrictive approach. Some view policies as rigorous and fixed and relate better to guidelines, that are seen as more flexible and acknowledge that some patients will fall outside of the recommendations (Binyon 2000). There are also legal aspects to consider, as it is more difficult to justify action taken outside a policy than a guideline. Ideally a guideline will limit antimicrobial prescribing to situations where there is a clear indication for their use and that they should be administered for the shortest effective duration. The drug of choice should be appropriate, narrowest in spectrum and correct in dose and duration (SIGN 2000). Prophylactic antimicrobials should be only given for the recommended period. Emmerson (2000) argued that perhaps a guidelines most important function is that of a vehicle for ensuring regular discussion amongst those concerned. A study by Harrison (1998) found that approximately 20% of all prescribed antimicrobials relate to hospitalised patients. Of this 20%, 20-50% was unnecessary. His study also revealed that 25-50% of all hospital admissions receive an antimicrobial at some point during their stay. The study also made the point that even if numerous bacteria are killed during a single course of antimicrobials, if one mutant microbe remains in that patient; the possibility exists for the rapid establishment of a resistant population. Current problems within the National Health Service exacerbate the issue. These problems include hot bedding, overcrowding of wards, understaffing, inadequate cleaning, poor laundry services, patient relocatio n and poor isolation facilities. Dancer and Gemmill (2003) argue that erosion of hygiene standards emanated from the ready provision of antimicrobials. Numerous guidelines have been written in order to attempt to control these problems. However sometimes what is good in theory is not so good in practice and there may be various explanations for this failure. Regardless of how sound the principles are, there may be insufficient resources to implement them. A prime example here is lack of isolation facilities in hospitals (Cooper 1999). There is a wide variance in which resistance is handled in different hospitals. Some hospitals isolate and treat the patient regardless as to whether or not the patient is colonised or infected. Therefore risk assessment in conjunction with the infection control team on a case-to-case basis is vital when resources are scarce. Presently Vancomycin and Teicoplanin are used to treat MRSA infections. The majority of patients are colonised and are asy mptomatic. They carry MRSA on skin or in the naso-pharynx. Patients who are found to be colonised in hospital settings are actively treated or decolonised. This is done by prescribing five days of a body wash used either in the bath or shower. The wash is also used to cleanse the hair. The wash includes chlorhexidine gluconate and is effective but known to dry out the skin with prolonged use. In conjunction with the body wash the patient is also prescribed a nasal cream which is applied 3 times a day for 5 days to both nares. The cream usually used is Bactroban which contains Mupirocin. For MRSA cases displaying intermediate or total resistance to Mupirocin, the cream of choice is Naseptin (BNF 2015). Discussion Antibiotic resistance may lead to routine infections being fatal. Antibiotics are losing their effectiveness at a rate that is both alarming and irreversible. The media talks of a post antibiotic era or antibiotic Armageddon. So what of the future? Researchers are developing a vaccine. In order to achieve herd immunity, 85% of the population would require to be vaccinated and the vaccine would also have to provide protection against all the strains to which someone is likely to be exposed. However, limited vaccination of at risk groups may be possible (Farr 2004). Work is also ongoing in regard to lysostaphin, which is an enzyme that causes the cell wall in Staphylococcus aureus to rupture. It was first described 40 years ago. As it is specific to Staphylococcus aureus, it would not interfere with normal commensal flora. It could be used to reduce nasal carriage and subsequently reduce infection rates. Early clinical trials have been positive. Assuming all the issues above we re overcome, resistance still would not disappear. Thus there remains a need to continue with research into how and why bacterial mutations occur and into the development of new innovative drugs, vaccines and diagnostics. More resources need to be channelled into education of health care professionals, allied with effective infection control measures. Every healthcare worker has a duty of care to comply with infection control policies. As long as infection control procedures are adhered to, hygiene improves and antibiotics are used prudently, there is the prospect of bringing MRSA under control in the hospital setting. However, we have to be aware that emphasising the importance of MRSA colonisation via policies and guidelines may result in accidental neglect of the factors that cause infection. As MRSA will continue to spread in the wider community, via both humans and animals, some of the strains spread may be highly toxic and with an ageing population and increasing numbers of immuno-compromised patients, the danger will only increase. As more advances are made in medicine, these vulnerable populations will also increase. Those at most risk are those in long-term care homes, of which there is an ever-increasing number. While cross infection routes are relatively easily defined in a hospital setting, the situation in the community is not and because care homes are major feeders when it comes to hospital admissions, the impact on the crisis stricken NHS will continue. Therefore MRSA screening was welcomed when introduced in 2013 across the UK following a nationwide study of the efficacy of screening patients on admission to hospital (HPS 2009). The aim of screening patients for MRSA is to identify patients that are colonised or infected with the organism. These patients can then be managed appropriately to reduce the risk of self-infection and of transmitting the organism to other patients. As for MRSA rates being indicators of quality healthcare, they should be considered as tools that prompt further inquiry, rather than permitting judgements on quality of care. Conclusion MRSA has the capability to cause misery, morbidity and even fatalities under certain circumstances. The body is an incredibly complex machine; scientists are making striking advances in elucidating the precise molecular basis for the interaction between adherence surface structures of an organism and corresponding specific surface receptors on a host cell. Much more has still to be learned and microbiology will continue to play a huge part in research in order to understand the mechanisms of pathogenicity and the development of antibiotic resistance. This is essential for future treatment and prevention of infections allowing humans and micro-organisms to continue to co-exist. Prevention and control of healthcare acquired infection demands the continual development of intervention strategies aimed at curtailing further antimicrobial resistance and reducing the spread of existing infection. Success however will only be achieved with a multi disciplinary approach at individual and organisational level. Infection prevention has to become an integral part of everyday healthcare practice (Fairclough 2006). Bibliography Binyon D. (2000) Restrictive antibiotic policies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how effective are they? Hospital Pharmacist, Vol. 7(7), pp183-187. British National Formulary (BNF) 69 (March 2015) Joint Formulary Committee. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. And Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Bush K. (2004) Antibacterial drug discovery in the 21st century. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Vol. 10 (Supplement 4), pp 10-17. Cooper B. 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